stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Spanish Civil War. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. These groups of You can view our. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. "Monty", was a British Army officer. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and The command structure of The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. The D-Day invasion began on the 5 beaches of this region. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). Chamberlain is perhaps the most ill-regarded British Prime Minister of the 20th century in the popular mind internationally, because of his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, a leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement and the second President of Czechoslovakia. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 A bit of a rabid dog. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! 20% Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. The Visual Front: Posters of the Spanish Civil War; From the Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection at the University of California at San Diego. For the full article, see. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. The It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Franco government. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. Terms in this set (376) . On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. They granted the right to vote to women. Spanish Civil War, (193639), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. Printer Friendly. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. France During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. The right reacted with fervor. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. AP European History Textbook . If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. creating and saving your own notes as you read. It was a turning point for World War II. His German allies pursued their experiments. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. Free trial is available to new customers only. until his death in 1975. Renews March 10, 2023 disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. He supported the rebels against the He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. One source of support for the Please wait while we process your payment. on 50-99 accounts. The thirty Years war was principally fought throughout Central Europe and involved most of the countries in Europe. was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. War. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . respected and very professional soldier. Omissions? a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. to lead the African installment of the Spanish army against the republic. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. military Nationalists pronounced their intentions on July 17, 1936. The air force of Britain. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. Ap Euro Dbq. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. The Loyalists held the capital at Madrid, the Basque Country, and the developed eastern seaboard, including Catalonia with its cosmopolitan capital at Barcelona. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. AP Euro. When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. . Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. The kite soared majestically over the treetops. Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. France signed treaties with each of the countries. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer.

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