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do iron supplements cause smelly gas?

Remember, the cells that line your intestine can only absorb a certain amount of iron at a time. Some drugs can produce a smell of metal. Amer J Med. Pasta, crackers, and baked goods are obvious sources of gluten, but you may also find it in seasonings for French fries and potato chips, and thickeners for sauces, marinades, and soups, according to the Celiac Disease Foundation. Common iron supplement side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dark stools, and a metallic taste in your mouth. This blog breaks down everything you need to know, including what makes a, Anemia is a condition in which you dont have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Speak with your healthcare provider if you intend to use iron supplements and take these or any other chronic medication. Passing gas more than 20 times per day is not . 2. Seriously, did you ever think a lack of blood would be the problem with your period? 9 Best Iron For Citrus . Clinical evidence, dosage, safety and how IP6 differs from myo-inositol. This requires a commitment on your part. The statements on this site have not been evaluated by the FDA. Iron supplements start to absorb into the body immediatelyespecially when taken on an empty or near-empty stomach. Krill oil, and to a lesser extent fish oil, may cause flatulence when taken in doses of 2 grams daily. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". All rights reserved. Remember, foul-smelling gas once in a while is OK, but its chronic, we have to get to the bottom of why its happening, Dr. Sonpal says. But before it gets there, your stomach acids will try to break it down. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. weak and fast heartbeat. (See how much lactose is in various foods.) Anemia is a condition in which you dont have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. The HUM subscription: wellness on your terms. 2. To avoid this, keep the supplements in their original light-resistance container and store them in a dry, cool room. Bloating and gas are common adverse effects of many prescription and over-the-counter medications. Q: I have anemia and need to take an iron supplement, but its making me very constipated. Iron Supplements - Another reason you can sometimes have dark green poop is because of taking iron supplements. Northwest Publishing, LLC. Iron Fact Sheet for Consumers. Fiber supplements and bulking agents, such as Citrucel, Fiberall, and Metamucil. Fiber supplements are safe; generic brands can save you some money. However, to reduce stomach upset, you may prefer to take your doses after meals. Doctors typically prescribe one of three types of iron supplements: ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate or ferrous gluconate. Iron supplements may also interact with the following drugs: In some cases, separating the doses by two hours may be all that is needed to avoid interactions. Available in capsule and sachet form, Ferosom Forte is Canadian-made, doctor-recommended, 100% vegan, and proven to work as well as certain doses of IV iron. Stop taking iron supplements and see your doctor if your gas is severe or accompanied by other symptoms such as weight loss; oily, bloody, tarry or unusually foul-smelling stools; nausea; vomiting or heartburn. You can also vary the amount of iron in your pill dose by changing the type of iron salt youre taking. Iron supplements. They are not typically used to treat other types of anemia (such as vitamin-deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, or anemia of chronic disease) unless iron deficiency is diagnosed. Usually taken orally, iron supplements help to build red blood cells and keep your iron levels balanced. Those with heavy menstrual bleeding or individuals with gastrointestinal-induced anemia tend to be moderate responders. If youre lactose intolerant, some milk-based foods you may want to avoid or choose non-dairy alternatives or lower-lactose options for are yogurt, ice cream, and cheese. unusual tiredness or weakness. If your smelly gas persists, its best to see your doctor to get a proper diagnosis, particularly if youre experiencing other symptoms. In other cases, a dose adjustment may be needed. And what can you do about it? drowsiness, apathy, coma, Skin: bluish-colored lips, fingernails and palms of hands; skin Metallic taste. Moreover, it contributes to the transmission of nerve signals to and from the brain. Addressing dysbiosis with probiotics has been shown to decrease the amount of gas produced in your gut (4). Our products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. An Essential Mineral Used to Treat Anemia. Certain probiotics may, at best, modestly help flatulence, as was shown in children taking a particular probiotic daily for three months. A number of things can cause SIBO, including developing gastroenteritis (stomach virus) and taking antibiotics, Dr. Sonpal says. Iron supplements are sold over-the-counter or by prescription. by | Jun 16, 2022 | kittens for sale huyton | aggregate jail sentence | Jun 16, 2022 | kittens for sale huyton | aggregate jail sentence Any of these can lead to increased flatulence. Ferrous sulfate is the least expensive and the most difficult for patients to tolerate. Certain diet and lifestyle changes, including eating smaller meals, drinking and eating more slowly, avoiding certain foods, and exercising regularly may help reduce excessive flatulence. The physician may advise a change of medication or sometimes the effectiveness of the dosage outweighs the side effects. The following are some of the best remedies for this condition: When common charcoal is heated in the presence of a gas, it develops internal spaces or pores. Fatty meats contain large amounts of methionine, which contains sulfur and is broken down in the gut to hydrogen sulfide to cause a rotten egg smell.. The probiotics can be found in yogurts, kefir, kombucha tea or you can just buy the supplements. Lactose intolerance the inability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy is one of the most common food intolerances that may cause smelly gas, according to Dr. Sonpal. Cruciferous vegetables (such as cauliflower, broccoli, kale, and cabbage), Alliaceous vegetables (like onions, leeks, and garlic). This means more iron can be absorbed into your intestine and, Plus, Ferosom is microencapsulated in Liposomal form, which means it doesnt have to be converted for your body to absorb it. Check out some of the possible reasons why your gas smells so bad, below. An expert breaks down what causes smelly gas and how to get rid of it. Iron Supplementation, Response in Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Analysis of Five Trials. Office of Dietary Supplements/National Institutes of Health. 2013;3(7). Avoid taking iron pills on an empty stomach, which increases the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. The reason they cause smelly gas differs by drug and person to person. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data. To reduce the risk of side effects, start with a lower dose and gradually increase the dose as tolerated. Iron supplements are known to cause gas and bloating. The very first part of your intestine (the duodenum and the first part of your jejunum) is where iron is absorbed best. If you experience flatulence with ferrous sulfate, ask your doctor about switching to ferrous gluconate or ferrous fumarate. Exhaustion is one of the most common symptoms of an iron deficiency. If you are taking iron in a liquid form, tooth staining may be a side effect. But the different compounds in foods can cause different smells. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. It's time to answer the questions which you are probably too embarrassed to ask your friend, let alone your girl/boyfriend! You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. ConsumerLab.com uses JavaScript to provide the best possible experience for our content, but your browser has it disabled. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Thats when it becomes, On top of that, some of our favourite healthy foods can actually. Iron supplements are generally safe and well-tolerated if taken at the recommended dose. Stinky farts are not only embarrassing, they can also indicate an underlying health condition that needs immediate medical attention. What is the recommended dose to avoid side effects? Psyllium can cause bloating and gas, especially when you first start taking it. The causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include diet. Not everyone can tolerate taking calcium supplements regularly and one of the . Iron supplement (oral route, parenteral route): Side effects. Call your doctor if you have any of the following: Side effects from iron supplements can make it difficult for some people to comply with treatment. It all comes down to the coating and the form. 4 Reasons Why Nuts Make You Gassy And Bloated. Turns out, the food you eat can affect the way your gas smellscausing that metallic or rotten egg odor youre experiencing. Iron supplements can sometimes cause stools to appear a dark green that is almost black. may increase the amount of iron you absorb. Does iron cause urine to smell? Health conditions like inflammatory bowel disease can also be causing your stinky flatulence. Next time, you have this problem, keep a record of what you are eating. The vitamin is water-soluble, meaning it is eliminated in the urine. The ferrous gluconate dose is less constipating for many people. Women between the ages of 19 and 50 need more than double the amount of iron men need: 18 mg a day vs. just 8 mg for men. shallow and rapid breathing. Please check with the appropriate physician regarding health questions and concerns. How often do you pass gas after taking iron supplements? et al. Try the following tips to prevent and manage stomach upset while taking iron supplements: Taking too much iron can lead to iron overload. The most common side effects associated with iron supplements include: Constipation. If youre already very constipated, adding more fiber may temporarily make things worse. It is important to make sure you take the correct dosage because too much iron can be dangerous. pain, fast heartbeat or shortness of breath, Cravings Bluish-colored lips, fingernails, and palms of hands. If you have constipation from iron, one excellent solution is to ask your doctor for a liquid form of iron supplement, such as the brand Feosol. An ideal bowel movement appears medium brown and has a slight smell. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. ConsumerLab answer explains the best way to take vitamins and minerals. Myo-inositol can cause flatulence when taken at higher doses (e.g., 18 grams daily), but this side effect may be reduced by starting at a lower dose and then increasing to a higher dose. Esophageal and Gastric Cancers. On top of that, some of our favourite healthy foods can actually inhibit iron absorption, such as spinach, nuts, beans, and egg whites. For some people, taking certain supplements, such as the digestive enzymes lactase and alpha-galactosidase, may also be beneficial. Tracee Cornforth is a freelance writer who covers menstruation, menstrual disorders, and other women's health issues. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 6 Best Home Remedies For Varicose Veins. All Rights Reserved. Doctor's Answers 1. Typically, these are mild for most people. Iron deficiency can occur in children, for example, because their bodies grow so quickly. They change your poop in some different ways including looks and smell. By Tracee Cornforth Ferrous Sulfate. According to Dr. Ravella, super-smelly . The disease causes excessive foul smelly flatulence and greasy yellowish stool. They also had normal iron levels in the blood. . Common Side Effects of . Iron supplements sometimes cause gastrointestinal side effects such as upset stomach, stomach cramps, diarrhea and constipation. The secret to fighting anemia? While protein itself won't cause you gas and bloat . FAQ: W. National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Diseases. Thats a major bummer if you thought your new diet was #goals. Miller JL. Iron supplements are known to cause gas and bloating. If you have any suggestions and queries you can contact us on the below details. For your privacy, only your first name (from your account) followed by a random number will appear with your comment. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 6. Nuts Are High In Fiber. There are indeed side effects associated with a vitamin B complex. This means more iron can be absorbed into your intestine and you can skip the constipation and nausea. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Mayo Clinic: "Iron Supplement (Oral Route, Parenteral Route)", UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh: "Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol, Slow FE) Side Effects and Uses", Chest PLoS One. When you eat gluten, your immune system will damage the lining of your small intestines making absorption of certain nutrients impossible. No, but iron is best absorbed when taken on an empty stomach. Iron supplements, also known as "iron pills," are commonly used to prevent and treat anemia. Gastrointestinal discomfort Take iron pills with meals to Related Posts. The cure for smelly farts is depended on the causes. Chlorophyll Supplements - It is becoming quite popular for people to take chlorophyll supplements, and these, of course, will turn . As noted earlier, people with lactose intolerance can get gas from lactose, as naturally found in many dairy products. Most forms of iron just sit in your stomach and wreak havoc but they are commonly used because they are inexpensive and readily available. Foods that contain sulfur double down on smelly gas because when they get broken down in the gut, they cause sulfur-containing gases, such as methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide, according to this January 2021 UpToDate article. If you are an alcoholic, then you must quit. Its also in some birth control pills, so make sure to read the ingredients labels of foods and supplements carefully, per the Cleveland Clinic. Seriously, did you ever think a. of blood would be the problem with your period? www.consumerlab.com/answers/supplements-that-reduce-or-that-may-worsen-flatulence/supplements-for-flatulence/. So youve passed some gas and it smells, er, funky. Be alerted to newclinical findings & warnings. Iron - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. convulsions (seizures) pale, clammy skin. The current state of your microbiota (also known as your bacteria or gut flora), . Please do not submit any type of HTML markup or scripting as it will not be accepted, nor will posts that exceed 2,500 characters. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Without sufficient iron, your body cannot produce the number of normal red blood cells needed to keep you healthy. It also details iron supplement side effects and how to manage constipation and stomach upset from taking iron pills. You ate a bunch of sulfur-heavy foods. Do not take iron supplements unless your doctor tells you to do so. Avoid taking iron supplements at the same time as high-fiber foods or caffeine, which can hinder absorption. So, how do you know which iron supplements will give you the iron boost you need while minimizing side effects? Do iron supplements cause smelly gas. Learn which is better for you and compare krill oil vs. fish oil, including evidence from clinical studies, EPA and DHA content, price, and side effects. Still, it's important to remember that red or black stools could be caused by bleeding in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Iron deficiency anemia and plant-based eating, Foods that deplete your iron and can affect iron absorption, Ferosom Forte LCE Liposomal Iron Supplement - 20 Capsules, Ferosom Forte LCE Liposomal Iron Supplement - 20 Powder Sachets, Folic acid and vitamins D, B6, B12, and C. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. But if youre asking yourself, Why do my farts smell so bad? theres a perfectly reasonable explanation. The foul-smelling farts you are emitting could be a side effect of the medication you are currently undergoing. In other words, if you live off a diet of coffee and cereal, you might find yourself with fewer red blood cells. Other drugs that can cause embarrassing flatulence are non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antifungal medicines and statins. Symptoms of an iron overdose can affect the entire body and include: Symptoms of iron toxicity may decrease in a few hours, then return again after one or more days. J Res Med Sci. Contact your healthcare provider if you have iron overload or iron poisoning symptoms. "Whether it was . For people who have SIBO, this means that the balance of good and bad bacteria in your small intestine is off, and having an excess of bad bacteria can disrupt the digestive process and cause gastrointestinal distress, such as gas, bloating nausea, and diarrhea, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Warning signs of anaphylaxis include: Gastric bleeding can also occur while taking iron supplements. Take it slow, since these foods often increase intestinal gas. Change in color of stool to green. This may reduce the amount of this food fermented by bacteria in the gut, which may reduce the creation of gas and corresponding abdominal discomfort. Iron is also needed to metabolize the nutrients we eat and convert them into energy. Most people with this condition do not know that they have it because its symptoms are related to other diseases. This is because our system does not absorb or digest the sugar content. Starting in adolescence, a woman's iron need will increase due to her monthly menstrual cycle. But let your doctor know if: With higher doses, nausea and vomiting may occur. In some instances, however, people taking iron supplements may experience the following symptoms . The powder and anti-foaming agent separate, and instead of in the shaker cup, the gas escapes in your belly. The change in smell is something that will happen. To improve absorption, take iron along with foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits or juice. Iron pills, available as various ferrous ion salts, can be beneficial to treat a deficiency with the proper dosage but taking too much can result in health risks of toxicity, including acute liver damage. Your body only absorbs 10 to 20 percent of the iron you ingest, while the rest remains behind in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can cause side effects. Read our, Managing Side Effects of Iron Supplements. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Iron Supplements: Side Effects, Uses, and More. If you make a statement of fact, such as whether a type of treatment does or does not work, state your basis -- such as personal experience or a published study. This will, therefore, reduce the smell. It does not store any personal data. According to MedlinePlus, these are some symptoms from taking iron supplements: You shouldn't be alarmed if your stools are very dark. Iron supplements are available in stand-alone forms, including tablets, capsules, powders and liquids, or combined with other vitamins or minerals. 2019;133:30-9. doi:10.1182/blood-2018-05-815944. Some thoughts: Iron supplements will darken stool color as a side effect7 may effect the smell. Nuts have tannins. Medium chain triglyceride oil may cause flatulence when used in large doses (e.g., five tablespoons twice daily). This may be reduced by reducing the dose or dividing it over the course of the day. Iron supplements sometimes cause gastrointestinal side effects such as upset stomach, stomach cramps, diarrhea and constipation. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. "The body . Side effects like cramps (great), diarrhea (fantastic), and nausea (sign me up) are just a few of the GI issues caused by low iron absorption. The confession inspired me to write an article about smelly flatulence causes and cure so that I can at least save another couple from breaking up. It occurs when the colon absorbs too much water from the food. Find out which supplements and foods can help relieve acid reflux, and which can make it worse. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not subject to rigorous testing in the United States and can vary from one brand to the next. Below are five potential Metamucil side effects: 1. The problem is that you have a stomach and gut with the main job of digestion. Taking iron at least one hour before or two hours after a meal with a full glass of water or acidic juice, such as: Iron supplements are not the only factor that contributes to flatulence and alteration in bowel habits. In that case, your bile . The trade-off is that it replaces your iron more slowly. Your body only absorbs 10 to 20 percent of the iron you ingest, while the rest remains behind in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can cause side effects. The cause of the constipation is the iron itself, not any added ingredient. The following are some of the most common causes of gas and bloating: Medicines or nutritional supplements. The National Institutes of Health lists the recommended dietary allowance necessary to meet your nutritional requirements. However, most protein sources come with nutrients and other things that cause it. If the stool color bothers you, you can work with your physician to lower your dosage. Weekly reads to help you level-up your skincare, wellness, digestion, nutrition, and more. When food isn't absorbed properly, it sits in your GI tract and decomposes, which causes foul-smelling gas, Dr. Sonpal says. Most iron-deficient people start to feel better within a few days. Tracee Cornforth is a freelance writer who covers menstruation, menstrual disorders, and other women's health issues. Shutterstock. If its accompanied by diarrhea or a lot of bloating, or if youre starting to become anemic and theres blood in the stool, these are all signs that something is wrong with the lining of the GI tract and the person needs to see somebody, Dr. Sonpal says. do iron supplements cause smelly gas? Upset Stomach. Sign in for details about why researchers think activated charcoal might not work. If your farts have a rotten egg smell, then it is probably because you are eating too many sulfur-rich foods. This includes the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. blood, metallic taste in mouth, black bloody stools, Respiratory system: buildup of fluids in the lungs, Heart: low blood pressure, fast and weak heartbeat, shock, dehydration, Nervous system: chills, fever, seizures, headache, A slowly releasing iron pill can travel past this area before releasing iron, so that you dont ever have a chance to absorb it. Increase magnesium intake, which can be found in nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. In adults, a particular probiotic supplement was shown to reduce gas and abdominal pain while another product showed no benefit. The reason they cause smelly gas differs by drug and person to person. Constipation is the most common side effect, but iron supplements can also cause nausea, indigestion, gas and bloating. Flatulence may be a sign of a more serious condition. Which foods cause gas? Iron deficiency can also occur due to physiological changes that leave you at a deficit. Constipation. Stomach cramps. The short answer is that certain iron supplements can cause your poop to have a metallic smell. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. Mallory-Weiss Tear. The amount of iron you need on a daily basis depends on your age and gender. Any suggestions? For example, people with diabetes may have foul-smelling gas due to high blood sugar levels, which causes bacteria in the colon to produce gases that smell like rotten eggs. Gas and bloating. Diarrhea medicines, such as Imodium, Kaopectate, and Lomotil. Other drugs that can cause embarrassing flatulence are non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS . Most people pass gas at least 12 times per day. 1. Other symptoms include vomiting, poor appetite, and chronic diarrhea in children. Protein powder and drinks, as well as nutrition bars, can also cause gas and bloating in some people. Michigan Medicine. Dizziness. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. are just a few of the GI issues caused by low iron absorption. Diarrhea. Sulfur-rich foods. One of the worst effects of collagen supplementation is that it can mess with your mood. Iron supplements have several common side effects. It is best to space doses of these 2 products 1 to 2 hours apart, to get the full benefit from each medicine or dietary supplement. . form, Ferosom Forte is Canadian-made, doctor-recommended, 100% vegan, and proven to work as well as certain doses of IV iron. Subscribe to stay informed and up-to-date on promotions and healthy living tips! Summary. Reason 10: probiotics. The response to oral iron supplements can vary by the underlying cause. Rebalancing your microbiome with probiotics may improve reflux symptoms (6, 7). Iron. Your last name and email address will not be displayed. Causes of constipation include physical inactivity, medications, and aging. Certain prescription drugs, vitamins and supplements can do a number on your gut, including making your farts foul smelling. Most of the odor is from sulfur compounds. Constipation is the most common side effect, but iron supplements can also cause nausea, indigestion, gas and bloating. This leads to. And as we know, the more iron your body can absorb, the less side effects youll experience and the more balanced your iron levels will be. While this is less common in the United States, it still does occur. Be sure to read the labels before taking any supplements to make certain that you are within the safety range of 45 milligrams of iron for adults. This blog breaks down everything you need to know, including what makes a good iron supplement, well, good. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.03.045. Collagen can make you feel down in the dumps. Heather Gloria began writing professionally in 1990. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body is intolerant to gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley). 2015;10(2):e0117383. February 4, 2023 Leah. Extra iron in your blood can be toxic to the liver, heart, and pancreas and may cause damage to the joints, as well. Metallic-smelling gas might also come from B vitamins, iron, dyes, and preservatives in supplements, as well as NSAIDs, laxatives, and statins, Dr. Wolf says. The four reasons why nuts make you gassy are: Nuts are high in fiber. Stomach upset ( pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting) Stained teeth. Iron. They know your body and health history best and can provide a personalized suggestion to help you steer clear of side effects. While gastritis from oral iron supplements is rarer than other GI side effects, its important to consider when choosing which supplement to take. So if your doctor determines that you have lactose intolerance or celiac disease, for instance, you would eliminate lactose and gluten from your diet, and that should help relieve your symptoms, Dr. Sonpal says. Moreover, a lot of medications are encased with sorbitol a sugar alcohol that can cause GI distress.. Reason 9: too much fiber. This is not due to the protein itself but . Remember to keep iron supplements out of the reach and sight of children - iron is a common cause . Pediatrics 48 years experience. Avoid smoking and alcohol. Smelly flatulence may be caused by high fiber in food, constipation, and bacteria. Also, ask your doctor how you should take iron supplements. As the founder of Get Your Iron Up . Other symptoms are bloating, abdominal cramping and nausea. Avoid fatty foods and the sulfur-rich meals I mentioned earlier. Iron Supplements. ), Copyright 2023 - Chicago Health. flushing, pale skin. Your doctor may recommend that you take iron pills, but you should be aware there are side effects of iron pills and you may even experience feeling worse after taking iron supplements. If you experience flatulence or other gastrointestinal side effects, the NIH suggests you start with half the recommended dose. Iron supplements are sold as tablets, capsules, and liquid. At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. for unusual substances, such as dirt or ice, Poor If you need fiber, go with dietary changes before supplements. Certain prescription drugs, vitamins and supplements can do a number on your gut, including making your farts foul smelling. Dark stools. stomach pain, bloating) Nausea. Iron supplements are known to cause gas and bloating. Flatulence, also called flatus, is gas that passes through your rectum 2. Once started, you would need to continue treatment even if you feel better and no longer have symptoms. Changes in bowel movements/abnormal feces. Its mainly the bacteria in your large intestine that emit sulfur that gives the gas you pass a stinky smell, according to Cedars Sinai.

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do iron supplements cause smelly gas?

do iron supplements cause smelly gas?