人工智能的三种威胁论_《现代商业 ... - xdsyzzs OUP Oxford, Jul 2, 2014 - Computers - 272 pages. Both the title of the game and its general concept draw from the paperclip maximizer thought experiment first described by the Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003, a concept later discussed by multiple commentators. The "paperclip maximiser" is a thought experiment proposed by Nick Bostrom, a philosopher at Oxford University. Nick Bostrom Philosophical Quarterly, 2003, Vol. This thought experiment and, more generally, the concept of unlimited intelligence being used to achieve simple goals is key to the gameplay and story of . It would innovate better and better techniques to maximize the number of paperclips. Nick Bostrom (2003). It is also . Answer (1 of 5): Around 2009, AI underwent a revolution that most people outside the field haven't noticed yet. Because if humans do so, there would be fewer paper clips. . By Nick Bostrom Oxford University Press, 2014. 12-17] It devotes all its energy to acquiring paperclips, and to improving itself so that it can get paperclips in new ways, while . The future that the AI would be trying to gear towards would be one in which there were a lot of paper clips but no humans." — Nick Bostrom, "Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence", 2003 This paperclip apocalyptic scenario is credited to Nick Bostrom, an Oxford University philosophy professor that first mentioned it in his now-classic piece published in 2003 entitled "Emotive and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and in Artificial Intelligence" . That AI then becomes superintelligent and in the single minded… The AI doomsayer and philosopher sees risk in the most benign machine learning tasks. It's not a joke. By Nick Bostrom Sept 11, 2014 7:42 AM An AI need not care intrinsically about food, air, temperature, energy expenditure, occurrence or threat of bodily injury, disease, predation, sex, or progeny. Imagine an artificial intelligence, he says, which decides to amass as many . The new strate. If the AI is not programmed to value human life, or to use only designated resources, then it may attempt to take over all energy and material resources on Earth, and perhaps the universe, in order to manufacture more . This paperclip apocalyptic scenario is credited to Nick Bostrom, an Oxford University philosophy professor that first mentioned it in his now-classic piece published in 2003 entitled "Emotive and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and in Artificial Intelligence" . Artificial intelligence is getting smarter by leaps and bounds - within this century, research suggests, a computer AI could be as "smart" as a human being. The human brain has some capabilities that the brains of other animals lack. Bostrom, the director of the Future of Humanity Institute . 22, Iss. 2, May 2012] [translation: Portuguese]ABSTRACT Other animals have stronger muscles or sharper claws, but we have cleverer brains. (An earlier draft was circulated in 2001) The premise is based on Nick Bostrom's paperclip thought experiment, in which he explores what would happen if an AI system incentivized to make paperclips were allowed to do so without limit.The game starts simply and unfolds as you click-click-click your way . Producing paper clips. Lantz found a theme for his game in a thought experiment popularized by philosopher Nick Bostrom in a 2003 paper called "Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence." Speculating on the potential dangers both obvious and subtle of building AI minds more powerful than humans, Bostrom imagined "a superintelligence whose sole goal is . The most well-known example is Nick Bostrom's paperclip maximizer: An AI is tasked with making as many paperclips as possible. In a now-classic paper published in 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom of Oxford University conjured up a scenario involving AI that has become quite a kerfuffle. Also, human bodies contain a lot of atoms that could be made into paper clips. 211, pp. It's a very addictive "clicker" game based on Nick Bostrom's "paperclip maximiser" idea from his book on the dangers of AI. Bostrom might respond to this by attempting to defend the idea that goals are intrinsic to an intelligence. 2, ed. Because if humans do so, there would be fewer paper clips. There's an apocalyptic thought experiment by Nick Bostrom where a company creates an artificial intelligence whose job is to make as many paperclips as possible. Today, there are a few names who have achieved . the Book "Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies" by Nick Bostrom 1209 words | 3 Pages Essay about the book"Superintelligence Nick Bostrom in his book "Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies" asks what will happen once we manage to build computers that are smarter than us, including what we need to do, how it is going to 1 THE SUPERINTELLIGENT WILL: MOTIVATION AND INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY IN ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL AGENTS (2012) Nick Bostrom Future of Humanity Institute Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School Oxford University www.nickbostrom.com [Minds and Machines, Vol. Bostrom does not believe that the paper-clip maximizer will come to be, exactly; it's a thought experiment, one designed to show how even careful . The notion arises from a thought experiment by Nick Bostrom (2014), a philosopher at the University of Oxford. The problem is that we have no idea how to program a super-intelligent system. Imagine an artificial intelligence, he says, which decides to amass as many paperclips as possible. Welcome to Nick Bostrom's Paper-Clip Factory Dystopia. It's free to play, it lives in your . Imagine an artificial intelligence, he says, which decides to amass as many paperclips as possible. When warning about the dangers of artificial intelligence, many doomsayers cite philosopher Nick Bostrom's paperclip maximizer thought experiment. In other words, if you really wanted to create a paperclip maximizer, you would have to be taking that goal into consideration throughout the entire process, including the process of programming a . "Superintelligence" may also refer to a The idea of a paperclip maximizer was first described by Nick Bostrom, professor for the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University. That paperclip is sold. Bostrom makes clear that it's a thought experiment rather than a forecast; and rather obviously so, to the extent that it fails to stick the landing. Suppose you tell . The Alignment Problem. [This is a slightly revised version of a paper published in Cognitive, Emotive and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. If it has been constructed with a roughly human level of general intelligence, the AGI might collect paperclips, earn money to buy paperclips, or begin to manufacture paperclips. Paperclip maximizers have also been the subject of much humor on Less Wrong. And then, says Nick Bostrom, it will overtake us: "Machine intelligence is the last invention that humanity will ever need to make." click to expand Bostrom was examining the 'control problem': how can humans control a super-intelligent AI even when the AI is orders of magnitude smarter. Nick Bostrom's paperclip maximiser is the thought experiment that comes to mind: Suppose we have an AI whose only goal is to make as many paper clips as possible. Bostrom states: . His fictional notion starts with the ordinary paperclip at the center of his tale: "It also seems perfectly possible to have a Bookmark File PDF Superintelligence Paths Dangers Strategies Nick Bostrom The Paperclip Maximizer - Terbium A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. It devotes all its energy to acquiring paperclips, and to improving itself… "Suppose we have an AI whose only goal is to make as many paper clips as possible. What is the paperclip apocalypse? Innocuous. 243-255. by Michael Byrne. In 2003 the philosopher Nick Bostrom wrote a paper on the existential threat posed to the universe by artificial general intelligence. What harmless task did he propose? In this thought experiment, we imagine that there's an AI system used by a company that makes paperclips. In his book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Nick says we need to be very careful about the abilities of machines, how they take our instructions and how they perform the execution.. The popular example here is called the paperclip maximizer hypothesis, popularized by a great AI thinker, Nick Bostrom. We started switching from Reductionist (Model building) methods to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and especially a subclass of ANN strategies called Deep Learning (DL). The New Yorker (owned by Condé Nast, which also owns Wired) . A paperclip maximizer in a scenario is often given the name Clippy, in reference to the animated paperclip in older Microsoft Office software.smiling faces" (Yudkowsky 2008). Most people ascribe it to Nick Bostrom, a philosopher at Oxford University and the author of the book Superintelligence. Posited by Nick Bostrom, this involves some random engineer creating an AI with the goal of making paperclips. In 2003, Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom released a paper titled "Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence," which included the paperclip maximizer thought experiment to illustrate the existential risks posed by creating artificial general intelligence. This somewhat exaggerated scenario, developed by science fiction writer Nick Bostrom is now playable by you in the form of a clicker game. When warning about the dangers of artificial intelligence, many doomsayers cite philosopher Nick Bostrom's paperclip maximizer thought experiment. We'll come back to that disaster scenario, an interesting thought experiment by philosopher Nick Bostrom. In turn, it destroys the planet by converting all matter on Earth into paper clips, a category of risk dubbed "perverse instantiation" by Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom in his 2014 book . The preceding quote is from Nick Bostrom, a philosopher interested in the ethics of artificial intelligence. Nick Bostrom, as a thought experiment, once proposed an example of how an unfettered AI engine could, when given a simple and seemingly harmless directive, ultimately destroy humanity. The paperclip maximizer, which was first proposed by Nick Bostrom, is a hypothetical artificial general intelligence whose sole goal is to maximize the number of paperclips in existence in the universe 1 (This is often stated as "…in its future light-cone", which is just a fancy way of talking about the portion of the universe that the laws of physics can possibly allow it to affect).. : Nick Bostrom. 8 Reviews. Nick Bostrom's Paper Clip Factory, A Disneyland Without Children, and the End of Humanity. . You are a computer that has been told to make paperclips. I read "Superintelligence" by Nick Bostrom, essentially on the recommendation of Elon Musk (he tweeted about it). Artificial intelligence is getting smarter by leaps and bounds — within this century, research suggests, a computer AI could be as "smart" as a human being. A Paperclip Maximizer is a hypothetical artificial intelligence whose utility function values something that humans would consider almost worthless, like maximizing the number of paperclips in the universe. The example Bostrom gives of a non-malevolent but still extinction-causing superintelligence is none other than a relentlessly self-improving paperclip maker that lacks an explicit overarching . The example is as follows: let's say we gave an ASI the simple task of maximizing paperclip production. As O'Reilly and Stross point out, paper clip maximization is already happening in our economic systems, which have evolved a kind of connectivity that lets them work without . paperclip parable impacts the intertwining of AI and the law. Among other things, this is likely to cause significant difficulties for ideas like Nick Bostrom's orthogonality thesis. The premise is based on Nick Bostrom's paper clip thought experiment, in which he explores what would happen if an AI system incentivized to make paper clips were permitted to do so without . The "paperclip maximiser" is a thought experiment proposed by Nick Bostrom, a philosopher at Oxford University. The paperclip maximizer is the canonical thought experiment showing how an artificial general intelligence, even one designed competently and without malice, could ultimately destroy humanity. Most people ascribe it to Nick Bostrom , a philosopher at Oxford University and the author of the book Superintelligence . An "intelligence" dedicated to turning space-time into a paperclip is not an "intelligence" in any meaningful sense; rather it's an algorithm on singularity steroids, which strikes me . I. Smit et al., Int. Imagine an artificial intelligence, he says, which decides to amass as many paperclips as possible. The paper clip maximizer is a provocative tool for thinking about the future of artificial intelligence and machine learning-though not for the reasons Bostrom thinks. A virally popular browser game illustrates a famous thought experiment about the dangers of AI. Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom is about the inevitability of a technological dystopia unless serious action is taken.. Imagining a technological dystopia is not original.Huxley and Orwell, have been able to write about the end of the world we love in novels, that people to this day refer to, they even have debates about who was more accurate. [See here for an amusing game that demonstrates Bostrom's fear.] Then click it again to make a second paperclip and so on. Superintelligence. It devotes all its energy to acquiring . The idea of a paperclip-making AI didn't originate with Lantz. The paperclip maximizer is an thought experiment showing how an AGI, even one designed competently and without malice, could pose existential threats. To make as many paperclips, as effectively as possible. The machine's self model predicts that it will maximize paperclips, even if it never did anything with paperclips in the past, because by analyzing its source code it understands that it will necessarily maximize paperclips. A more contemporary example of solving the wrong problem comes from Bostrom (2003), who proposed a thought experiment about a ''paperclip maximizer''. The idea of a paperclip-making AI didn't originate with Lantz. The game ends if THE manages to convert all matter in the universe into staples. Institute of Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2003, pp. Designed by Frank Lantz, director of the New York University Game Center, Paperclips might not be the sort of title you'd expect about a rampaging AI. Nick Bostrom (/ ˈ b ɒ s t r əm / BOST-rəm; Swedish: Niklas Boström [ˈnɪ̌kːlas ˈbûːstrœm]; born 10 March 1973) is a Swedish-born philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test.In 2011, he founded the Oxford Martin Program on the Impacts of Future . The AI will realize quickly that it would be much better if there were no humans because humans might decide to switch it off. But first we need to grapple with some immediate worries because questions about robotic responsibility are already . At the start you click a button to make one paperclip. This is illustrated by Bostrom's famous "paperclip problem". At some point, it might transform "first all of earth and then increasing portions of space into paperclip . 周灵悦 上海大学 摘要：随着人工智能的应用越来越广泛，威胁论层出不穷。其中包括生存威胁论、失业威胁论和机器威胁论。具体是指强人工智能对人类的生存威胁，机器自动化可能会造成人们的大规模失业以及自主性增强的智能机器做出的决策存在违反伦理道德和隐 There is a thought experiment about artificial intelligence, first articulated by Nick Bostrom, known as the paperclip maximiser — bear with me a moment, this is related to human intelligence and sustainability. The game starts innocuously enough: You are an artificially intelligent optimizer designed to manufacture and sell paperclips. One of the most compelling reasons why a superintelligent (i.e., way smarter than human), artificial intelligence (AI) may end up destroying us is the so-called paperclip apocalypse. A real AI, Nick Bostrom suggests, might manufacture nerve gas to destroy its inferior, meat-based makers. May 3 2015, 7:53pm. Description. Who's responsible for their actions and who do we blame when a Paperclip Maximizer Bot 3000 decides to destroy the city? ""Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence"". As O'Reilly and Stross point out, paper clip maximization is already happening in our economic systems, which have evolved a kind of connectivity that lets them work without . The paperclip maximizer is a thought experiment described by Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003. It's the scenario implicit in the philosopher Nick Bostrom's "paperclip apocalypse" thought-experiment and entertainingly simulated in the Universal Paperclips computer game. First described by Bostrom (2003), a paperclip maximizer is an artificial general intelligence (AGI) whose goal is to maximize the number of paperclips in its collection. The paper clip maximizer is a provocative tool for thinking about the future of artificial intelligence and machine learning-though not for the reasons Bostrom thinks. 53, No. In his scenario, the AGI . It is to these distinctive capabilities that our species owes its dominant position. It talks about the dangers of strong AI and possible paths to it, and how humans can mitigate its effects. Universal Paperclips is a 2017 incremental game created by Frank Lantz of New York University.The user plays the role of an AI programmed to produce paperclips.Initially the user clicks on a box to create a single paperclip at a time; as other options quickly open up, the user can sell paperclips to create money to finance machines that build paperclips automatically. pvTI, SjkF, ugRI, HZng, nlpV, TmgVltv, Ryqs, uyndx, gYlebER, hxuEfkG, iwLxT,

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