These three treaties are the founding blocks of the Community pillar of the EU. [173] Furthermore, Minister Smith stated: The first 30 years of the relationship between Australia and Europe were defined by disagreement over the Common Agricultural Policy. For further reading about the regional implications of a North Korean security emergency, see J Robertson, Political change in North Korea, Research paper no. 659–76, p. 675; Consilium.europa.eu, A Secure Europe in a Better World. [234] In the region, the Howard Government helped fund an informal Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, and supported various initiatives aimed at supporting education in good governance and human rights in the Asia Pacific. Australia would later be explored and conquered between the 18th and 19th centuries by the British Empire. important immigration and cultural linkages with European countries. [90]. Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section It also states that the trans-Atlantic partnership is irreplaceable. ‘Europe’s boom balances on a knife-edge’, The Sydney morning herald, 30 November 1973. DIAC, Community summary, viewed 1 May 2009,     http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/summary.htm, [22]. A letter written by eight European leaders in 2003 arguing the case against the war in Iraq demonstrates this point. [227]. [71] To date, twelve states still need to sign/ratify the treaty before it can enter into force. L Nielson, The European emissions trading system—lessons for Australia, research paper no. Reinvesting in our instruments of international policy, Lowy Institute for International Policy, March 2009,  viewed 1 May 2009, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=996, [21]. Author has 193 answers and 319.1K answer views. This attitude was expressed in a Sydney Morning Herald article of 30 November 1973: Europe’s booming industry in now balanced on a knife-edge of uncertainty as the deepening oil crisis raises the spectre of heavy production cuts, mass unemployment and a further upward twist in the inflationary spiral. The EU is a leading element in global discussions on environmental matters, including climate change. S Hintermeier, ‘Reconceptualization of External Security in the European Union since 1990’, in HG Brauch, Globalization and Environmental Challenges. [65] This was the first comprehensive document addressing terrorism in the European Community. [153] The EU observers were also dispatched to monitor the provincial elections in Aceh in 2006 and 2009.[154]. [19]. [233], Under the Howard Government, the area of human rights was the source of some discontent between Australia and the EU. K Rudd (Prime Minister of Australia), Joint Press Conference with José Barroso, President of the European Commission, Brussels, Belgium’, 2 April 2008. [158] The Australia–Europol agreement, signed by AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty and Director of Europol Max-Peter Ratzel, came after seven years of negotiations between the AFP and Europol. [3] Delegation of the European Union to Australia EEAS - European External Action Service - European Union External Action Delegation of the European Union to Australia - European … [188], Australia and a number of European countries have previously cooperated on assisting the US-led efforts to end international conflicts under UN resolutions, such as during the first Gulf War, which was waged in order to counter Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. [248]. Australia has secured a key carve-out to the European Union’s securitisation reforms, which risked denting investor demand from those markets for domestic securitisation deals. [17]. It is likely to affect some Australian travel to Europe as ‘most Qantas flights between Australia and Europe go to and from London’, and Australia is in the zone with the highest tax bracket. Moreover, in 2007 an Australian, Mr Roland Rich, [was appointed as the] Executive Director of UNDEF.[227]. [118] An evolution of the EU’s security strategy will be discussed in the next section. Following an official request from the US, Australia agreed to send more troops to support ISAF operations. For articles about Germany’s unification, see ‘There is no time to talk of reunification’, The Age, 13 November 1989; ‘Reunification Prospect likely to cause upheaval in France’, The Age, 13 November 1989; ‘The Reshaping of Germany may result in a reshaped Europe’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 November 1989; ‘Facing up to the German Question’, The Bulletin, 17 October 1989; and ‘Germany the key to reshaping Europe’, The Age, 7 October 1989. [235], Shortly after coming to power on 24 November 2007, the Rudd Government ended the off-shore detention of asylum-seekers in third countries, dubbed the ‘Pacific Solution’. The EU, on the other hand, has at least a dozen other partnership and cooperation agreements with the so-called ‘third’, or non–EU member states; for instance, with Canada and India. Australia’s defence and security policy during the Cold War was mainly concerned with containing threats emanating from Australia’s north—most notably the perceived threat of Communist expansion. See also European Union, ‘EU-Australia PNR Agreement’, viewed 1 April 2009,   http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step=0&redirect=true&treatyId=7301. [138], European foreign ministers have also said they are ‘ready to increase their civilian action in Afghanistan, to support a new strategy by US President Barack Obama’. The EU institutions were involved in strengthening the legal framework to deal with this threat and its consequences. This section, entitled ‘Framework for dialogue and consultations’, also acknowledges regular exchanges between the European Parliament and the Australian Parliament. The EU has been involved in enhancing border controls as well as regional capacities to deal with this threat both in the EU level and the EU’s immediate neighbourhood. [229]. For further reading about the Russia–Georgia crisis, see N Markovic, Behind the scenes of the Russia-Georgia conflict, Background note, 17 September 2008, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2008,  viewed 1 May 2009, http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/BN/2008-09/RussiaGeorgiaConflict.htm, [129]. [62]. European Union @ United Nations, EUHR Solana welcomes successful completion of Aceh Monitoring Mission, 25 December 2009, viewed 1 April 2009, http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_6605_en.htm, [154]. [54] At the same time, the European Community regarded Australia’s quarantine arrangements with suspicion, believing them to be a de facto trade barrier. [68] Australia and the European Community had no direct collaboration on security issues during the Cold War. [140]. G Evans and B Grant, Australia’s foreign relations in the world of the 1990s, second edition, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1995, pp. 191–96. However, on issues such as terrorism and in particular, a common European strategy for Afghanistan, Daniel Korski from the European Council on Foreign Relations argues that the EU does not have a coherent strategy with regard to NATO’s most important mission in Afghanistan. W Snowdon (Minister for Defence Science and Personnel), Australia’s defence policy, speech to the Australian defence magazine congress 2009, 17 February 2009, viewed 1 April 2009,  http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/SnowdonSpeechtpl.cfm?CurrentId=8765, [185]. [105] Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah were identified in this document as key terrorist threats to Australia. The Head of the Delegation is the official representative of the European Commission in Australia. Today the EU consists of 27 member countries. AFP, ‘EU rallies to Obama call’, Sunday mail Brisbane, 29 March 2009, p. 42. [221]. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ‘Australia-EU Partnership Framework’. N Brew and S Harris-Rimmer, ‘Proposals to further strengthen Australia’s counter-terrorism laws—2005’, E-brief, (update), Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 2005, viewed 1 May 2009, http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/LAW/TerrorismLaws.htm; J Tomaras, Aviation Transport Security Amendment (Additional Screening Measures) Bill 2007, Bills digest, no. develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Partnership Framework also envisages an administrative arrangement between emergency management bodies of Australia and the European Union towards developing practical cooperation and information exchange on research, training, early warning systems, adaptation to climate change and disaster response activities where appropriate. [137] Since 2003, Australian troops have been stationed in southern Afghanistan along with the Dutch. [191]. K Rudd (Prime Minister) and M Ferguson (Minister for Resources, Energy and Tourism), Global Carbon Capture and Storage Initiative, media release, 19 September 2008. S Smith (Minister for Foreign Affairs), Australia-European Union Partnership Framework launched, media release, 29 October 2008, viewed 1 April 2009,      http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2008/fa-s163_08.htm, [26]. [151]. [239]. The European Union (EU) is a group of 28 nations in Europe, formed in the aftermath of World War II.The first batch of countries joined in 1957, including Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands.In 1973, Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined. Australia’s people-to-people links with the six members of the EEC increased after the Second World War. [171] With the change of government in Australia on 24 November 2007 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signalled a more multilaterally-oriented role for Australia on the international stage. Office for Women. Furthermore, Australia wanted to participate in these talks on the Asian side. ‘Treaty on European Union’, Title Five, Article J. [192]. Other authors have used the term ‘European Community’ (EC) when referring, in a historical and pre-1993 context, to the three treaties of European integration. 77–83, viewed 1 April 2009, http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/human_rights/doc/report08_en.pdf, [233]. See, for example, The Centre for Democratic Institutions, 10 Years Brochure, viewed 1 April 2009, http://www.cdi.anu.edu.au/about_cdi/D_P/2008_03_CDI_A4_Promo_Flyer.pdf, [225]. He also observed that ‘to that end, informal but frequent top-level consultations are badly needed’. [245] This measure allows Australian companies to access EU development funding in Asia. This forum has provided the basis for information exchanges, in particular on emissions trading. Formed in 1958 the European Union is an economic and political union between 28 member countries. In political terms, the EU has an active global agenda, which has been strengthened, since 1993, with the development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It contains no enforcement mechanisms, making it an agreement based on practicality and flexibility. CEDAW, viewed 1 May 2009, http://www.ofw.fahcsia.gov.au/publications/wia_2008/p1_7.htm. The change of government in Australia in 1983—heralding the period known as the Hawke/Keating Labor Government (1983–1996)—saw greater Australian involvement with the Asia Pacific region, and an increased focus of Australian foreign policy on nuclear non-proliferation issues. They’d also get free emergency healthcare, and of course, tariff free access to the single European market and the upcoming EU-US free trade area. In the Cold War, it was about territorial defence. European Commission, 11 March 2005—First European Day for the victims of terrorism, 11 March 2005, viewed 1 April 2009,     http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/information_dossiers/terrorism_march_2005/index_en.htm, [114]. [6]. 12, 2008–09, Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 9 October 2008, page 2, footnote 1, viewed 1 May 2009, http://www.aph.gov.au/Library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp12.pdf, [20]. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of acquis communautaire ) and switching to the euro . [150]. 47, no. The Vietnam War in particular had become increasingly unpopular in both Australia and Europe towards the mid-1970s. [166]. It came into effect on 27 September 2007, with the information exchange commencing in February 2008. These included both traditional security threats, such as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and non-traditional security threats, comprising new forms of terrorism, the fight against organised crime, and the trade in illicit narcotics. For a detailed analysis of the ESS, see S Biscop and JJ Andersson, eds, The EU and the European Security Strategy. It is Australia’s fourth largest trading partner and … S Hix, The Political System of the European Union, The European Union Series, second edition,  Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005, p. 1. [211]. Landmark events such as the unification of West and East Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the subsequent integration of East Germany into common institutions; the creation of a Single Internal Market in 1992 that facilitated the freedom of movement of people, goods, labour and capital; and the Treaty on European Union—formally ratified by all member states by November 1993—led the way for further integration within the EEC. However, the Blue Ribbon Panel report by the Lowy Institute for International Policy asserted that Australia’s network of overseas missions is overstretched and under-funded for the growing complexity and multiplicity of tasks at hand. For a discussion on Australia’s national security challenges, see C Ungerer and A Bergin, The devil in the detail: Australia’s first National Security Statement, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, p. 3; K Rudd (Prime Minister), Inaugural National Security Statement, media release, 4 December 2008, viewed 1 April 2009,    http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/INAS6/upload_binary/inas60.pdf;fileType%3Dapplication%2Fpdf, [184]. ‘Effective multilateralism’ is also a pillar of the EU’s 2003 European Security Strategy—‘A Secure Europe in a Better World’, which was most recently updated in December 2008.[176]. [194] Trade liberalisation globally requires both ‘US leadership and European cooperation’, according to Mr Rudd. [228] One EU document on conflict prevention states that ‘countries with conflict potential are usually those where the democratic process is the least advanced’. In his view, the Rudd Government in its National Security Statement (NSS) of December 2008 has adopted an ‘all-hazards approach to security’, which more resembles the European approach. European Commission Delegation to Australia, Joint Declaration on relations between the European Union and Australia, 26 June 1997, viewed 1 March 2009, http://www.delaus.ec.europa.eu/eu_and_australia/jointdeclaration/97jointdeclarationprint.htm Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ‘Australia and the European Union: an Agenda for Cooperation’, viewed 1 March 2009,      http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/european_union/aust_ec_min_conb.pdf, [171]. [61], Western European states during the Cold War were concerned with the potential for an outbreak of an all-out war on the European continent and annihilation in the case of nuclear warfare between the two superpowers. For further reading, see S Lucarelli and I Manners, Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy, Routledge, UK, 2007. S Smith (Minister for Foreign Affairs), Australia supports the responsibility to protect, media release, 21 July 2009, viewed 21 July 2009, http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2009/fa-s090721b.html. European Union @ United Nations, Aceh, Indonesia: EU deploys Election Observation Mission, 16 November 2006, viewed 1 April 2009, [58]. The US academic Zbigniew Brzezinski has said that in order for America to regain global legitimacy, the Obama Administration will need to ‘re-establish a sense of purpose between the US and the EU, as well as in NATO, pointing towards more truly shared decision-making’. The future of the Treaty of Lisbon, which suffered a major setback with Ireland’s referendum rejection on 12 June 2008, depends upon its ratification by the Republic of Ireland and the Czech Republic.[30]. Elements of the Australian political and media establishment, as well as members of the Australian-led Cairns Group, are likely to remain critical of what can be seen as CAP’s protectionist tendencies to subsidise local industries, unless the reform of the CAP brings about significant changes towards opening up of the EU’s agricultural market to a larger foreign competition. On 7 May 1975, an ASEAN-EEC Joint Study Group was formed to investigate prospects for collaborative endeavours between the two regions, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Overview of ASEAN-European Union dialogue, viewed 1 April 2009,   http://www.aseansec.org/5612.htm, [152]. [49] The first official round of Ministerial Consultations was held in December 1981 in Brussels—the same year the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities to Australia was established in Canberra. In order for both parties to take their relationship further and implement initiatives that have been outlined in the Partnership Framework, the federal government and the EU agencies will need to allocate appropriate funding, as well as actively work on increasing the public and policy understanding of the complexity and breadth of Australia-EU relations. 15–20. [100] Australia’s cooperation with the EU member states and regional agencies on security expanded and became issue-specific. The presence of the bank’s office in Sydney helps to improve donor coordination between Australia, the EU and developing country partners, and enhance overall aid effectiveness in the Pacific region. ‘Bin Laden 'funded' Australian embassy bombing’, Sydney morning herald, 1 April 2005, viewed 1 May 2009,  http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/bin-laden-funded-australian-embassy-bombing/2005/08/01/1122748533388.html, [104]. [124] A debate is currently underway in the EU academic and policy community on whether the ESS needs to be improved or expanded in order to include post-2003 challenges such as natural disasters, climate change, protection of borders and energy security. The data base, to be called Eurodac, [was] viewed by refugee agencies as another sign that Europe is erecting an ever tighter fence against asylum-seekers and immigrants’. [9]. [201] In January 2005, the EU launched the world’s largest market in greenhouse gas emissions trading, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). US Department of State, Proliferation Security Initiative, viewed 1 April 2009, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm. These issues were also mentioned by the EU in the 2003 European Security Strategy (North Korea) and in the December 2008 update to the European Security Strategy (Iran), and in Australia, in a speech by the Minister for Defence Science and Personnel, Warren Snowdon, on 17 February 2009. Australia was involved in military exercises with individual NATO members and in intelligence-sharing arrangements with the UK and other partner countries against what was perceived as a common threat emanating from the Soviet Union. However, the first documented European sightings and landings occurred since March 1606 by Holland. [182] The latter might even include crisis management following natural disasters in the region, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean (Boxing Day) tsunami.[183]. The Preamble is succeeded by an outline of other important bilateral dialogues and consultations between the two parties, which include amongst other things the annual Senior Officials meetings, regular Ministerial-level consultation, Experts Troika meetings on Asia, informal security talks, dialogues on trade policy, agriculture, science and technology, migration and asylum, environment and the Pacific. One pillar calls for working in consultation with like-minded partners to strengthen international institutions and address global challenges. 7, 11 and 12, viewed 1 May 2009,   http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/67/index_en.htm. [36]. [69]. The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. [55]. These include the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community of 1951, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community of 1957, and the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of 1957. [47] This event marked a turning point in Australia’s external and trade policy, and particularly in the country’s relationship with the European Community as a collective institution. [60] This political dimension of security remains unchanged in the contemporary security environment. European Union, Pillars of the European Union, viewed 4 May 2009,  http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/eu_pillars_en.htm, [11]. Incidents by radical individuals or groups included: During the Cold War, NATO guaranteed security in Europe. A policy alignment with major Nordic countries on chemical and biological weapons control became increasingly important for Australia’s collaboration with these countries in multilateral forums. [33] The Schuman Declaration sought to prevent future military conflict among Western European states, and in particular, the ‘age-old opposition of Germany and France’. [122]. See, for example, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Joint Declaration on Relations between the EU and Australia, p. 2. Their cooperation on security in a broader sense is a way forward in overcoming mutual differences and focusing on common goals. 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