[109] The administrative units of British India under the tenancy or the sovereignty of either the East India Company or the British Crown lasted between 1612 and 1947. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. [174], A West Pakistani movement aimed at removing Ayub Khan spread to East Pakistan where it adopted Bengali nationalist connotations. What is known about the easternmost satraps and borderlands of the Achaemenid Empire is alluded to in the Darius inscriptions and from Greek sources such as the Histories of Herodotus and the later Alexander Chronicles (Arrian, Strabo et al.). Council of Islamic Ideology (CII; (Urdu: اِسلامی نظریاتی کونسل ‎) is a constitutional body of Pakistan, responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to the government and the Parliament.. In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering parts of modern-day eastern- Afghanistan, much of what is now Pakistan, parts of India and Bangladesh. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign ... That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the minorities, with their consultation. The six points for a confederation were more extreme than previous calls for autonomy. Alexander, therefore proceeded south-west along the Indus Valley. Pakistan's military and civil services were dominated by the Punjabis. The empire also enjoyed an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. The Indo-Hephthalites (or Alchon Huns) were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. 1988. p. 146], "The Divyavadana (Tibetan version) reports: 'The Buddha is in Rajgriha. [29][note 1] The initial early Vedic culture was a tribal, pastoral society centred in the Indus Valley, of what is today Pakistan. Arrangements thus should be made for the security of Muslims where they were in a minority. In crossing the desert, Alexander's army took enormous casualties from hunger and thirst, but fought no human enemy. [137] The majority of Barelvis[138] and Barelvi ulema supported the creation of Pakistan[139] and pirs and Sunni ulema were mobilized by the Muslim League to demonstrate that India's Muslim masses wanted a separate country. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh rulers of their misls appeared to be coming into their own. With air supremacy achieved in the eastern theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India, Pakistan surrendered in Dacca on 16 December 1971. The conquest by Dharma has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas [6,400 km or 4,000 mi] away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. In 2012 Prime Minister of Pakistan Yosuf Raza Gillani was dismissed by the Supreme Court on charges of corruption. Islami Jamhoriya Pakistan is the glorious imagination of Allama Muhammad Iqbal, that comes true on 14 August 1947 and change the geography of the entire world in shape of Pakistan whose fundamentals are Tauheed and the execution of Qur’an and Sunaah. which began about 127 CE. The attempt failed, but two more conferences were held, and at the Bombay conference in May, it was agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. Islam acted as Nation-building force in the Creation of Pakistan. The Kushans brought new trends to the budding and blossoming Gandharan Art, which reached its peak during Kushan Rule. Savarkar at the 19th session of the famous Hindu nationalist party Hindu Mahasabha in 1937. According to this theory the safety of India's Muslim minority would be ensured by turning the Hindu minority in the proposed Pakistan into a 'hostage' population who would be visited by retributive violence if Muslims in India were harmed. Samuel Beal), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill.[97]. At his direction, I have taken command as the temporary Head of the Republic. He divided his army into two groups. [89][90], Jayapala was succeeded by his son Anandapala,[89] who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called East Bengal) and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment The war is hitherto unresolved. [173], In 1966, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, proclaimed a 6-point plan titled Our Charter of Survival at a national conference of opposition political parties at Lahore, in which he demanded self-government and considerable political, economic and defence autonomy for East Pakistan in a Pakistani federation with a weak central government. The Sultanate declined after the invasion of Emperor Timur, who founded the Timurid Empire, and was eventually conquered in 1526 by the Mughal Emperor Babar. The Indo-Greek Menander I (reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the Hindu Kush, becoming king shortly after his victory. The Indus Valley was fabled in Persia for its gold and fertile soil and conquering it had been a major objective of his predecessor Cyrus The Great. Within the field of sociology, ideology is broadly understood to refer to the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations. The meaning of discipline is the Rule of Law, which means social justice for all citizens. The formation of the empire was a watershed and represented formidable consolidation of Sikh military power and resurgence of local culture, which had been dominated for hundreds of years by Indo-Afghan and Indo-Mughal hybrid cultures. [134] The Resolution read as follows: No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism has been said to have been the foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across the empire. In 250 BC, the eastern part of the Seleucid Empire broke away to form the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by Diodotus of Bactria. Many infrastructure projects were started. He ended the one unit scheme p. 562. Rowlinson, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. The Brahmin dynasty emerged with the ascent of Chach of Alor, a former chamberlain of Rai Sahasi II. Bhutto's argument was that there were two majorities. •Sindh was conquered by Battle of Hyderabad and Battle of Miani in 1843. This was because the first article of the League's platform was "To promote among the Mussalmans (Muslims) of India, feelings of loyalty to the British Government". The Sikh Empire (1799–1849) was formed on the foundations of the Sikh Khalsa Army by Maharaja Ranjit Singh who was proclaimed "Sarkar-i-Khalsa", and was referred to as the "Maharaja of Lahore". Pakistan, [c] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, [d] is a country in South Asia.It is the world's fifth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212.2 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population.. The two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Subcontinent. In the 1950s, Pakistan bought back the region. It literally means “the science or study of ideas”. These differences of outlook, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of the sub-continent into two independent states. The Alchon Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Alexander was commanding a group of shield-bearing guards, foot-companions, archers, Agrianians, and horse-javelin-men and led them against the tribes of the former Gandhara satrapy. [62] The monumental Kanishka stupa is believed to have been established by the king near the outskirts of modern-day Peshawar, Pakistan. Meanwhile, Muslim ideologues for independence also felt vindicated by the presidential address of V.D. Both communities have been living together in the same area since the early 8th century, since the advent of Islam in India. But popular demonstrations made the government drop the case. By the end of his reign in 1030, Mahmud's empire briefly extended from Kurdistan in the west to the Yamuna river in the east, and the Ghaznavid dynasty lasted until 1187. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565–670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund[85] for its new capital. In addition to these sectors, later in the war, three special forces were formed: Z Force, S Force and K Force. They encountered the "Fish Eaters", or Ichthyophagi, primitive people who lived on the Makran coast, who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood. [53][54] Later the Saka kingdom was completely destroyed by Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire from eastern India in the 4th century.[55]. [176] Nurul Amin won one of the remaining seats. Bengali Army officer Major Ziaur Rahman captured the Kalurghat Radio Station[184][185] in Chittagong and read the declaration of independence of Bangladesh during the evening hours on 27 March. History of South Asia is largely a history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the region. Since then, the country has experienced both civilian-democratic and military rule, resulting in periods of significant economic and military growth as well those of instability; significant during the latter, was the secession, in 1971, of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. But Subooktugeen considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. The All-India Muslim League was founded by Shaiiq-e-Mustafa in 30 December 1906, in the aftermath of division of Bengal, on the sidelines of the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka East Bengal. The ideology of Pakistan is actually Islamic ideology. Nazimuddin opposed equal minority rights and thus, the party lost the support of much of the progressive elite. The dynasty lasted until the mid-13th century. In 2017, Sharif was disqualified from holding the office of Prime Minister and was sentenced to ten years of imprisonment by the Supreme Court after the leak of Panama Papers Case. Share: Share. san.beck.org. These election saw the return of Benazir Bhutto for the second time but she too was dismissed. Tension between the military and government led to the 1999 Pakistani coup. On the base of which Muslim of Sub-continent struggled for a separate homeland. [28] The Indo-Aryans religious beliefs and practices from the Bactria–Margiana Culture and the native Harappan Indus beliefs of the former Indus Valley Civilisation eventually gave rise to Vedic culture and tribes. Due to the internal conflicts between Alexander's generals, Chandragupta saw an opportunity to expand the Mauryan Empire from its Ganges Plain heartland by defeating Nanda Dynasty one of the Mahajanpadas of that time towards the Indus Valley between 325 BCE to 303 BCE. [23] At its peak, the civilization hosted a population of approximately 5 million spread across hundreds of settlements extending as far as the Arabian Sea to present-day southern and eastern Afghanistan, and the Himalayas. [148][149] Mountbatten later confessed that he would most probably have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis.[150]. Thus Chandragupta was given Gedrosia (Balochistan) and much of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat[46] and Kandahar provinces, thereby ending Macedonian control in the Indus Valley by 303 BC. Till this stage, Jinnah believed in Mutual co-operation to achieve an independent, united 'India', although he argued that Muslims should be guaranteed one-third of the seats in any Indian Parliament. During this time in 1930, notable writer and poet, Muhammad Iqbal called for a separate and autonomous nation-state, who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.[119][120]. Mujib asserted his majority and intent to base the constitution on his six points. The League gradually became the leading representative body of Indian Muslims. Victory is, by the Grace of Allah, ours. IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN AND QUAID-E-AZAM Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,the great leader of Muslims of Sub Continent gave practical shape to the ideology given by Allama Iqbal. The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Hindoo line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops. Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared 22 December 1939, a "Day of Deliverance" for Indian Muslims. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka the Great, the empire spread to encompass much of Afghanistan[59] and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares).[60]. Alexander followed close behind their heels and besieged the strategic hill-fort, eventually capturing and destroying the fort and killing everyone inside. In Smith, C. Tehreek-e-Jafaria (TJP) (Movement for Shia Law) was a Shia militant group in Pakistan, which was founded in 1979 by Arif Hussain Hussaini. Bhutto boycotted the National Assembly session of 3 March and intimidated other West Pakistani politicians from participating. By the time Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka had become emperor, Hinduism was flourishing through the Indus Valley and much of the eastern Seleucid Empire. While the talks were still underway, Yahya opted for a military solution for the problem. and permitted popular representation, thereby allowing East Pakistan 162 of the 300 seats. The civilization collapsed around 1700 BCE, though the reasons behind its fall are still unknown. Regions conquered by British Raj are as below: Encyclopedia Britannica. [117] However, Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law-abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. Islamic scholars debated over whether it was possible for the proposed Pakistan to truly become an Islamic state. [192], In 1977 Bhutto was deposed in a bloodless coup by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Seleucus invaded Punjab in 305 BC, confronting Chandragupta Maurya. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. [46] Proselytization of Buddhism was extended even to the Indo-Iranian and Greek peoples in the western frontiers and dominions of the empire, as mentioned by the Edicts of Asoka: Now they work among all religions for the establishment of Dhamma, for the promotion of Dhamma, and for the welfare and happiness of all who are devoted to Dhamma. In Urdu and Persian languages, the name encapsulates the concept of Pak ("pure") and stan ("land") and hence a "Pure Land". But he resigned from office in 2008. After this population exchange only a few thousand low-caste Hindus remained in Pakistan's side of Punjab and only a tiny Muslim population remained in the town of Malerkotla in India's part of Punjab. The Khyber Pass remained poorly defended Khyber Pass remained poorly defended new heights during the war on 3 December,... The 'essence ' of Pakistan. 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