Victims' families wrestle with grief as they weigh the death penalty on the ballot. 1454].). Villarreal said he obtained a .38 gun for them from Tony Perez, giving it to Dominguez and Castro when they returned to his house on a second occasion. A fourth man, Eddie Pajaro Vargas, 55, was also convicted of murder and conspiracy to commit crimes including murder. (Rule 425 (a)(2), (a)(4), (b), Cal. 20 Dominguez contends that the prejudicial evidence about Nuestra Familia activities outweighed its probative value in proving a motive for the killing. The members are known as "soldiers." 435. The gist of Castro's present contention is that the superior court erred in determining that the municipal court had jurisdiction to proceed on the assault count without referring the matter back for a second fitness hearing before the juvenile court. 3d 706, 713-716 [173 Cal.Rptr. If they did not retaliate, Hernandez indicated they would be branded as cowards and killed by their gang. There was bodily harm and one victim was shot in the leg, and of course another one was killed. Dominguez cites People v. Chambers (1964) 231 Cal. More and more NF members were recruited in the 1980s, and they wanted to control all of California from Bakersfield. "There is a philosophical component to the Nuestra Familia. The three men ran back to the car and sped away. [23], On June 11, 2013, Santa Clara County district attorney Jeff Rosen announced the indictment of 48 Nuestra Familia associates on 77 felony charges ranging from drug dealing to murder.[24]. ", Attorney Guerin Provini, who represents Bobby Lopez, chafes at the unfairness of cutting deals with the gang leaders, then using their testimony in seeking the death penalty against "the Munchkins. What did he say in that regard? 3d 497] For example, Villarreal testified that Dominguez told him after the shooting about dropping a "card." Prison personnel gave Serna CPR and called an ambulance, but he was pronounced dead about 8:35 p.m. A cause of death is pending. 2 Hernandez described the Nuestra Familia as a rigid, militaristic organization in which members are required to follow orders and to remain loyal to the group under penalty of death. Gavin Newsom signed an executive order to impose a moratorium on the death penalty in California. 434, 452 P.2d 650], affd. Subsequently, however, Villarreal said that both appellants remembered seeing someone drop at the scene of the shooting. Hopper, Acting P. J., and Andreen, J., concurred. Two other gang members James Hueveo Trujeque, 66, and Bobby Silent Lopez Jr., 53 remain on death row. Castro and Hernandez went to the Fresno regiment the day after the shooting. fn. 3d 493] the officers observed a similar vehicle at a nearby intersection. "We were outnumbered, and we needed unity. App. Nuestra Familia is a major Norteos criminal organization based in northern California. 2d 755, 761 [290 P.2d 855]) and disallowed derivative standing for purposes of asserting "knock-notice" requirements (People v. Cook (1977) 69 Cal. (See Welf. 882].) Behind the rhetoric of racial pride lurks the constant threat of sudden death, and not from a stranger's hand. 764-765). FN 11. As they left Villarreal's house, Castro suggested that the group proceed up Virginia Street to "another place where he knew the Fierros might possibly be." 3d 277, 288-291 [82 Cal. All three men were convicted of conspiracy to commit murder, robbery, extortion and witness intimidation. 3d 150, 153 [98 Cal. [14] At the time of Operation Black Widow, law enforcement officials had estimated that Nuestra Familia was responsible for at least 600 murders in the previous 30 years. This book follows the life of Robert Gratton, one of the highest-ranking members of La Nuestra Familia, one of California's most violent prison gangs credited with over 300 murders. 15K subscribers David Contreras and Carlos Chacon talk about the Nuestra Familia in San Diego. 19, Hernandez also testified about the obligations and responsibilities of Nuestra Familia members. Under these circumstances, the municipal court was not required to suspend proceedings [121 Cal. On 20 April 2001, federal agents arrested 13 members of NF, including 6 inmates, among them Rubelcaba. 91].). Us being locked in here, its like were watching this virus get steadily closer to us and theres nothing we can do.. 3d 470 [170 Cal. "But now they come to us, and we think, 'Well, how much use are you going to be to us?' 's lives, and continued to host meetings over the next four months that were taped. (hg. March 13, 2019 Gov. Rptr. Casper lived in a small town in Middle America in hiding from some Norteos who would like to see him dead, and his WPP tenure lasted ten months. We reject the People's argument that Castro has waived assertion of the Bruton/Aranda issue because he did not move for a severance prior to trial. The group arrived in Bakersfield at approximately 4:45 p.m.; Dominguez and Castro reported to their parole officer as ordered. App. The three men believed they had been attacked "by possible enemies of the Nuestra Familia" and considered it their duty "to kill [the Fierros] if possible." Members of the organization are considered to have taken a "blood oath" to join the gang, and are considered lifelong participants. Death row for men and women will soon be dismantled. Click on the photos to learn more about the crimes that put them there. "The circumstances of his death are being investigated,". 752, 541 P.2d 296] (cert. App. Despite the fact that they are facing -- at the least -- a life behind bars, the defendants seem to bask in the perverse prestige of their dangerous-gangster roles. 3d 496] Familia or, in the alternative, to earn a recognition "star" for purposes of gaining status within the organization. Castro's statements were merely cumulative of other testimony establishing Dominguez' participation in the shooting. Rptr. None of the other jurors indicated they would convict because of their feelings regarding the gang problem or because of any criminal aura surrounding Nuestra Familia activities. The leadership vacuum resulted in a power struggle between prospective generals. Regarding his claim to good-time/work-time credits, this is compelled byPeople v. Sage (1980) 26 Cal. People v. Leach, supra, 15 Cal.3d at pp. In the absence of a clear showing that its sentencing discretion was arbitrary or irrational, a trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives and its discretionary determination to impose consecutive sentences will not be set aside on review. Following Dominguez' arrest and while he was in custody at the Kern County jail, two conversations between Dominguez and his mother on an internal jail telephone were taped by jail personnel. Shortly thereafter, however, on September 12, 1986, defendant got into a struggle with deputies who were transporting inmates from the Riverside County jail to court. Before allowing introduction of this evidence, the trial court extensively [121 Cal. 11, 1981). Rptr. Castro's counsel had no objection to introduction of the October 22 conversation, although he did object to those portions of the October 28 conversations which referred to Castro. Both the Familia and the Structure claim the color red, the number 14, the symbol of the Northern Star. Different regiments are scattered throughout California, headed by a lieutenant. 28.2% of death-row prisoners are age 25 to 44. and 54.8% are 50 or older. (Id, p. 617, italics added.) Following a 22-day trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts and found the allegations alleged in the information to be true as to both defendants. The rap group sold thousands of copies, and many members possessed the album. Babo Sosa, his brothers Manos and Buggy, and Art the Rock Beltran are discussed in this exclusive. Tan Mui Choo was one of 18 inmates who Sister Gerard Fernandez walked with to the gallows. The California Department of Corrections is directed to forthwith give full effect to the modification stated above and is directed to determine the presentence [121 Cal. (Id, at p. In an interview between sessions in the witness box, Salazar said he turned state's evidence to avoid the death penalty, turn his life around and end four years of solitary confinement. As a subsidiary contention, Dominguez argues that he was denied due process because the evidence about the Nuestra Familia might have caused jurors to find him "guilty by association." Nuestra Familia is one of a constellation of race-based prison gangs that organize and direct the growing subculture of California's inmates. Today 670 condemned inmates - including wife-killer Scott Peterson - are on the prisons chilling death row. 831, 498 P.2d 1079].) He was shot by Rico Garcia at a meeting with him in a hit ordered by the imprisoned NF leaders, and the assassination led the police to also police their prisons and not just the streets. Hernandez, Dominguez, Castro and Anna Ruiz, Dominguez' girlfriend, departed Salinas later that day in the white station wagon purchased in San Jose. "Were it not for Lopez and his big mouth, law enforcement would have had a much harder time solving this case.". 3d 506] conversations did not fall within the Lopez or North exceptions, we conclude Castro cannot prevail on this argument. App. Rptr. The basis of this motion was that the trial court was obligated to suspend criminal proceedings and refer the matter to juvenile court if appellant was found to be a minor. (Generations of United Norteos) that invited all Norteos into the NF. At the outset, we believe Castro is barred from pursuing his first contention because of his failure to provide an adequate appellate record. App. 532].). Since 1978, when California reinstated capital punishment, 79 condemned inmates have died of natural causes, 24 have committed suicide, 15 have been executed, 11 have died of other causes and three including Serna are pending a cause of death, according to the CDCR. Trujeque was once kidnapped and roughed up by fellow gang members who suspected him of not attending to gang business. The verdict does not change how we feel about our brother/son/Jr. Newsom's proposed budget for the fiscal year starting 1 July seeks $1.5m to find new uses for the vacant death row housing. & Inst. Hernandez had to get information from Castro so that he could accurately relay a synopsis of the shooting incident to Lieutenant Lasolla. The appellate court agreed stating, "As proof of the defendants' membership in the Hell's Angels was relevant to proof of motive and was material and necessary, we cannot say that the trial court erred in concluding that the evidence's probative value outweighed its prejudicial effect." App. "But in terms of being responsible for causing these deaths, he's probably the central figure. La familia de un joven de 25 aos que muri en un tiroteo en el que particip un oficial emiti un comunicado a los medios de comunicacin diciendo que la polica los est bloqueando. He threw his gun away during the flight and managed to escape police pursuit by obtaining refuge in the nearby house of Raymond Briseno, a Nuestra Familia member. App. The Hispanics would have a lot more power in prison and on the streets if they weren't divided amongst themselves, i.e. You can explore additional available newsletters here. We disagree; the evidence was relevant on the issue of motive and the trial court astutely guarded against allowing tangential evidence of a prejudicial nature to be introduced into the trial proceeding. From this point onward, the rules applicable toward criminal cases were operative. FN 1. 6.21.). Among the group of people were Alex and Fred Santa Cruz, Steven Fierro and David Rodriguez. She also carried information to superiors [121 Cal. (a)). App. Furthermore, given the other substantial evidence pointing to Dominguez' identity as a participant in the shooting, it is not reasonably probable that he would have obtained a more favorable result had the remarks about his parole status not been made. App. fn. Another prisoner John Mattox was transferred to San Quentin while showing signs of Covid. Moreover, the solid and credible evidence against Dominguez made it unlikely that a more favorable result would have been achieved had the testimony been excluded. Rptr. The defendants are accused of killing Tony "Little Weasel" Herrera, Larry Valles and Esteban Guzman, alleged drug dealers who reportedly balked at paying taxes to the gang; Eli Rosas, said to have "disrespected" other gang members; Marcos Baca, thought to be a snitch, whose body was found on the grounds of Santee Elementary School; and Ray "Chocolate" Perez, a gang wannabe who may have made the mistake of breaking gang rules. He was on parole from the Youth Authority and of course had [121 Cal. The seventh victim to die, Sheila Apodaca, was allegedly killed on the orders of her boyfriend -- Bobby Lopez -- because she furiously objected to his womanizing and threatened to retaliate. The indictments against the Nuestra Familia, released in 1992, charged 21 defendants with plotting and committing six murders. This motion was denied by the judge hearing the section 995 motion. They adopted a public profile, promoting a gangster rap album by G.U.N. (Id, at pp. 2d 335, 96 S.Ct. (Cf. To prompt a deeper understanding of the death-penalty system in the US, photographer Jackie Black recreated the last meals requested by . 3d 490], The three men then drove to another location in Bakersfield and contacted Eugene Villarreal. 3d 489], Sometime during October 1977, Hernandez, Marina Christina "Chris" Cobos, Marian Saballa Maldonado, Marian Martinez, and Dominguez went to San Jose. fn. In addition, the trial court informed the parties that, "I will have to instruct [jurors] that [references to Castro apply] only to Mr. Dominguez' statements and not to Tonito." In the 1980s, as the NF grew, it set up a farm team called the Northern Structure, or Nuestra Raza. [20] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had complained that keeping the five remaining gang leaders located in the same prison only continued to add to California gang violence, and that they should be scattered throughout different prisons. 731]; see also People v. Penrod (1980) 112 Cal. Outside the Hall of Justice, Chavezs relatives expressed gratitude to the jury and praised prosecutor Matt Braker. Since the privacy rights asserted here are personal to Dominguez and differ from the in rem nature of suppression proceedings (People v. Gale (1973) 9 Cal. 3d 788, 793 [108 Cal. Rptr. The prosecutor then asserted that, following the juvenile court fitness determination, a complaint was filed charging Castro with both the murder and assault counts. He is serving a life sentence at the Correctional Training Facility in Soledad. 279].) Under rule 425 of the California Rules of Court, criteria affecting the decision to impose consecutive rather than concurrent sentences include: crimes involving separate acts of violence or threats of violence; crimes involving multiple victims; crimes having circumstances in aggravation. 2d 480, 84 S.Ct. [21] Other symbols include use of the number 14 or XIV, as the letter "N" is the 14th letter of the English alphabet. "They killed their own. In sentencing Castro, the court noted: "The crime involved great violence. Death Row Around 2, 500 prisoners currently face execution in the United States. daisys.". The first. In addition, the court denied counsel's motion for mistrial with regard to a certain portion of Cobos' testimony. FN 10. Rptr. Herminio Serna, 53, died late Monday at San Quentin State Prison after he was found unresponsive in his single cell. SAN FRANCISCO California this week pushed ahead with controversial efforts to dismantle the largest death row system in America. Rptr. The national death-row population has declined for 20 consecutive years, as sentence reversals, executions, and deaths by other causes are outpacing new death sentences. 10 Dominguez reached across Hernandez, who was in the front passenger seat, and fired two shots from a .22 revolver directly into the crowd. (1969)393 U.S. 1104 [2 L. Ed. App. A situation similar to the one condemned in Fulks is not present here--the statements were merely cumulative of other evidence showing that Dominguez and Castro knew each other and, in any event, were not prejudicial to Castro. Rptr. Hernandez asked for Castro's account because "as a squad leader I was obligated to get all the available information of what had happened so I could in turn inform my lieutenant." On 24 January 2001 in Tracy, California, Casper set up a meeting with NF chiefs, which was monitored. Gangs like the Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, Nazi Low Riders, the Bloods, and the Crips also operate in the prison. (Opinion by Zenovich, J., with Hopper, Acting P. J., and Andreen, J., concurring.). The Chemistry of Death - 1 Temporada Legendado. This event put into motion the longest-running gang war in the state of California. ], This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. (Id, at pp. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. (SeeBruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123 [20 L. Ed. Answers & Questions about gangs, organized crime, graffiti & gang activity around the World, Unread post On a self-appointed mission of vendetta, Sailor Boy and Mundo journeyed up to Bakersfield to visit two Nuestra Familia drug dealers. Similarly, we believe the differences in sentence imposed upon Dominguez and Castro do not indicate an equal protection violation. The View co-host shared an Instagram post paying tribute to her mom and being grateful for the time she spent with her . fn. Gangs like the Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, Nazi Low Riders, the Bloods, and the Crips also operate in the prison. (Id, at p. 18 (Evid. fn. Castro hypothesized that the Fierros were the individuals in the yellow car who had shot at them, mentioning the name of "Wolfie" [121 Cal. (Chambers, supra, at pp. Instead, the evidence about the criminal purposes of the Nuestra Familia was relevant to prove the motive for the shooting of Wolfie Fierro. The prosecuting attorney indicated that Castro had been found unfit to be tried as a juvenile on the murder count pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 707. 8 The three men gave pursuit, but lost the yellow car. [121 Cal. FN 4. The men were lying in wait to kill Chollo in the event of his arrival. Lieutenant Sam Robinson told KALW Radio: Here on death row, we classify them as grade A and grade B. But now he's softened his approach with preppy turtleneck shirts and slacks. El Asesinato de Abby Choi, fue un homicidio, suscitado el 21 de febrero de 2023, tres das despus de que fue reportada como desaparecida, la socialite, influencer de las redes sociales y modelo de Hong Kong de 28 aos, encontrndose su cuerpo sin cabeza descubierto en una aldea en Tai Po, un suburbio en Hong Kong.Segn se informa, algunas de las partes de su cuerpo estaban ocultas dentro . Hernandez was subsequently arrested in Hayward on November 2, and Castro was apparently arrested sometime after the shooting. Members agree to commit crimes such as murder . Not so. by Common Sense August 23rd, 2007, 11:01 am, Unread post We are not persuaded. Rptr. Even if the evidence should have been excluded, its admission was harmless in the present case. "They were not the kind of guys who would have killed Sheila Apodaca. "But we didn't go out and kill enemies, we went and killed ourselves. Furthermore, the venire panel (from which the jury was selected) indicated it would not find defendants guilty because of their Nuestra Familia ties. (People v. Love (1977) 75 Cal. den. Mexico, Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American (Chicano) prison gangs with origins in Northern California. Rptr. The trial court admitted Farr's testimony under Evidence Code section 352. According to prosecutors, the order to kill Apodaca was placed by phone from the fourth floor of the county jail, where Lopez was being held on other charges. After enduring testimony about the grisly way Rodrigo Paniagua Jr. slaughtered his family, a Santa Clara County jury today took the rare step of voting for his execution the first time a local panel has imposed the death penalty in 13 years. (See People v. McFarland, supra, 17 Cal. On 18 May 2000, NF gang member Casper (who was Rubelcaba's right-hand man) was released from jail and was ordered to run the street operations of the gang, becoming the leader of NF on the outside. When the shooting started, Fred and Alex Santa Cruz and Steve Fierro ducked behind David Rodriguez' car. The 7.5 ft, octagonal, lime green death chamber was in use until 1972 when the California Supreme Court criticised the "cruel and unusual" punishment. FN 28. We've turned a lot of people down.". Immediately thereafter, [121 Cal. Criminal organization of Mexican American prison gangs in the US, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, "Prison Gangs (continued) - Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness", "Authorities arrest 11 key gang members in east Hillsborough", "Bust of gang offers hope for Dodge City immigrants", "Gangs are becoming a growing threat across Utah", "The Marietta Daily Journal - Ga Supreme Court upholds brothers murder convictions", "Special Issue: Gangs in the United States", "Federal indictments crack vast prison crime ring", "Gang raid targets Nuestra Familia in Salinas", Organized Crime in California Annual Report 2007-08, "New leadership, constitution for Nuestra Familia", "Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness", "Eight-month investigation yields 37 high-level arrests", "Nuestra Familia case: Details of biggest gang prosecution in Santa Clara County history", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuestra_Familia&oldid=1141826410, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox criminal organization with ethnicity or ethnic makeup parameters, Pages using infobox criminal organization with rivals parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Drug trafficking, extortion, robbery, homicide, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 00:46. Penned in a Spanish-English patois and carefully worded, the letters reflect the cat-and-mouse game between inmates and "the landlord" who photocopies incoming and outgoing mail. In addition to the defendants, whose ankles are shackled to bolts in the courtroom floor, the cast includes seven defense lawyers -- two apiece for the death penalty defendants and one for Vargas; Kitty Constantinides and her husband and co- counsel, Deputy District Attorney Charles Constantinides; and four or five armed and watchful bailiffs. 23 [121 Cal. With his androgynous good looks and slender physique, Lopez hardly looks the lethal Romeo who prosecutors say ordered his lover shot, gunned down two men and, after being mistakenly released from San Quentin, was arrested after a high- speed chase that forced another car off a Fresno overpass. 2d 213, 222-224, 91 S. Ct. 210]; People v. Brawley (1969) 1 Cal. [16], Nuestra Familia was organized at Correctional Training Facility in Soledad, California in 1965. Moreover, since the .22 weapons in question were respectively found in the white station wagon and a flower bed near the Virginia Street residence, Farr's testimony independently established that the guns came from the Salinas area and tended to materially negate any claim that the guns could have come from another location. Fabio Garza a Nuestra Familia soldier is murdered for stealing money belonging to the gang and using heroin. This shooting was one of the most infamous killings, as it was recorded on video. 330].) 2d 223, 248 [32 Cal. Garanta Pague seguro Compre solo autntico Patrick EWING ATLETISMO 33 Hi X Death Row Records Negro/Rojo Fantsticos precios al por mayor wholemeltextracts.com, 300.34 Las mejores ofertas para Patrick EWING ATLETISMO 33 Hi X Death Row Records Negro/Rojo estn en Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos . Rptr. Oregon,[6] Texas, Utah,[7] Washington[8] When compared with the enormous growth of California's prison industry, the effect of the Nuestra Familia trials in San Jose -- and a recent federal prosecution of the Mexican Mafia -- are hard to measure. 3d 495] admonished jurors that Castro's statements were inadmissible hearsay as to Dominguez unless it was found that the statement was made by Castro in the furtherance of a conspiracy. Rptr. This evidence was relevant because (1) it explained the presence of the three men in Bakersfield on October 21, and (2) it showed that the men dutifully followed the orders given by Nuestra Familia superiors. 2d 284, 287-288, 89 S. Ct. 1726]; People v. Epps, supra, 34 Cal.App.3d at pp. Castro was "hit" in one of his fingers. 263]). Nonetheless, since Dominguez also challenges the testimony of Hernandez, the present contention is preserved for appellate review. The cumulative nature of the evidence, coupled with the strong admonition of the trial judge, dissipated any injustice from admission of the evidence; thus, we find no abuse occurred when the court below refused to grant Castro's mistrial motion. Since then 11 inmates have been put to death by lethal injection. The constitution of the organization levies an automatic death sentence upon any member who turns coward, traitor or deserter. The respective conversations occurred on October 22 and 28, 1977. Because the theft of the guns from the Watsonville store cannot be conclusively attributed to the Nuestra Familia or either of the appellants, Dominguez argues that the testimony was "totally irrelevant" and that "the jury would more easily believe they are murderers also having learned appellants might be thieves, " The People argue that [121 Cal. 3d 301, 308-309 [104 Cal. While the recognized leaders of Nuestra Familia in Pelican Bay ask that members respect the former leaders, they have been effectively stripped of their authority. App. November 17, 1960 William J. Veader Shooting Potter County. A death-row inmate convicted of three gang-related murders in 1997 died of unknown causes at San Quentin State Prison this week, corrections officials said. 3d 609 [168 Cal. It was an idiotic way of doing crime.". 3d 68, 72 [120 Cal. But legal observers said the jury was likely swayed by the particularly violent way the little girls died. People v. Dehnel (1979) 99 Cal. fn. "A. Wolfie left Fred Santa Cruz' presence, and Fred crawled underneath a car. Get Morning Report and other email newsletters, Defendant Rodrigo Ortiz Paniagua (cq), 29, was arraigned today for four counts of homicide in Santa Clara County Court in San Jose. 3d 500], The lower court did not abuse its discretion by admitting limited evidence about the Nuestra Familia's criminal purposes. Rptr. There was planning and there was sophistication and it was quite well planned. "I guess a homicidal maniac could be telling the truth," said Provini. Hernandez also said that Castro said that the person in the driveway was Wolfie. The circumstances of his death are being investigated, Thornton said. (Id, at pp. Hernandez was then put in contact with other individuals and made a trip to Fresno on October 13. fn. OAKLAND - Four members of the Nuestra Familia criminal organization - including the top gang leader - were sentenced to federal prison today for racketeering, murders, robberies, drug offenses, and related acts announced U.S. Attorney Brian J. App. County officials say they have spent $10 million so far, and the expenses continue to mount. In addition, Hernandez testified that he was ordered, among other things, to accompany Dominguez and Castro to Bakersfield so that they could report to their parole officer. In December 2000, another Nuestro General stepped in on Casper's behalf and Cuete backed off the hit order, but Casper wanted revenge. Hernandez testified that Dominguez and Castro returned with a .38 handgun and cartridges. In early June, the same jury took less than two hours to convict Paniagua of arson and four first-degree murders. Because of the "three strikes" initiative, gang members are going to prison for life at younger and younger ages. No heroin, for instance, because it makes you lazy. Nuestra Familia gang member Armando Frias noticed him in Cap's Saloon, but although he was on the hit list, he needed Casper's permission. 3d 807, 823; People v. Morales (1968) 263 Cal. Code, 707, 707.1.) Serna belonged to the notorious Northern California Latino prison gang Nuestra Familia. The men walked into the backyard of the house indicated to be the residence of Chollo.